Engsh (Nairobi) is more an English-based Pidgin than an African-based Pidgins and Creoles

 1 : Ethiopian Pidgin Arabic (more information needed)

 2 : Ghous Moroccan secret language (more information needed)

 3 : Galgaliya is an Arabic-based Pidgin used by the kalamafi tribe in northeastern Nigeria

 4 : Juba Arabic is an Arabic-based Pidgin or Creole, spoken mainly in Equatoria Province in Southern Sudan

Extinct languages :

 [1] Arwi or Arabic-Tamil was used extensively by the Muslim minority of Tamil Nadu state of India and Sri Lanka. As a spoken language it is extinct, though a few madrasas still teach the basics of the language as part of their curricula.

 [2] Maridi Arabic's location is unknown. The paragraph after it is a condensed version of a passage elsewhere in al-Bakri describing the Lamtūna tribe of Mauritania, so Thomason and Elgibali suggest that it was spoken in Mauritania; however, Owens notes that both the phonetics of the text and the attribution to a person from Aswan (not to mention the possible presence of a Nilo-Saharan word) suggest a location somewhere in modern-day Sudan.

 [3] Turku is a name (no longer used locally) for an Arabic pidgin spoken pidgin spoken east of Lake Chad and in Bodélé depression.

 1 : Afrikaans (Taal Dutch or Cape Dutch) is an Indo-European language, derived from Dutch and thus classified as Low Franconian West Germanic. It is mainly spoken in South Africa and Namibia, with smaller numbers of speakers living in Botswana. Afrikaans and Dutch are largely mutually intelligible. ( Afrikaans (Northern Cape dialect), Afrikaans (Western Cape dialect), Afrikaans (Eastern Cape dialect) )

 2 : Berbice Dutch Creole is Dutch-based Creole language of Guyana. It has a lexicon partly based on a dialect of the West African language of Ijaw.

 3 : Petjo, also known as Petjoh, Petjok, Pecok, is a Dutch-based Creole language that originated among the Indos, people of mixed Dutch and Indonesian ancestry in Indonesia. The language has influences from Dutch, Javanese and Betawi. Its speakers presently live mostly in Indonesia and the Netherlands. The language is expected to become extinct by the end of the 21st century.

Extinct languages :

 [1] Hottentot Pidgin Dutch is an extinct Dutch-based creole language and refers to an English-lexifier pidgin spoken by (among others) Khoikhoin (Hottentots) settled in the Western Cape area. The KhoiKhoi herded cattle and sheep and had a social structure completely different from that of the Bushmen. There was, however, a lot of interaction between the two groups, so much so that linguists later classed both their languages as “Khoisan”. The KhoiKhoi were later followed by the first influx of black people from the north.

 [2] Javindo language, also known by the pejorative name Krontjong, was a Dutch-based creole language spoken on Java, Indonesia. The name Javindo is a portmanteau of Java and Indo, the Dutch word for a person of mixed Indonesian and Dutch descent. It should not be confused with Petjo, a different Dutch- and Malay-based creole also spoken in Indonesia.

 [3] Jersey Dutch was a variant of the Dutch language spoken in and around Bergen and Passaic counties in New Jersey from the late 1600s until the early 20th century. It may have been a partial creole language based on Zeelandic and West Flemish Dutch dialects with English and possibly some elements of Lenape. It was spoken by the descendants of Dutch settlers to New Jersey and by the mixed race people known as the Ramapough Mountain Indians. It was sometimes called Neger Duits.

 [4] Mohawk Dutch is a now extinct Dutch-based creole language mainly spoken during the 17th century west of Albany, New York, by the Dutch colonists who mixed with the local population from the Mohawk nation.

 [5] Negerhollands (Negrodutch) is a Dutch-based creole language that was once spoken in the Danish West Indies, now known as the U.S. Virgin Islands. Dutch is its superstrate language with Danish, English, French, Spanish, and African elements incorporated. Notwithstanding its name, Negerhollands draws primarily from the Zeelandic rather than the Hollandic dialect.

 [6] Skepi Creole Dutch is an extinct Dutch-based creole language of Guyana, spoken in the region of Essequibo. It was not mutually intelligible with Berbice Creole Dutch, also spoken in Guyana. This language has been classified as extinct since 1998.

 1 : Oorlams (also : Oorlands, Oorlans) is a dialect of Afrikaans spoken in the Republic of South Africa. It is considered an Afrikaans-based Creole language by some observers whereas most Oorlammers themselves would describe their language as being a dialect of Afrikaans proper. Oorlams has many elements from Khoi languages.

 2 : Tsotsitaal, Vlytaal, Vlaaitaal, Flaaitaal might sound like a variety of Afrikaans; but such a conclusion would overlook its robust Bantu language texture. However, it draws its lexical base from Afrikaans. It is a variety of mixed languages mainly spoken in the townships of Gauteng province, such as Soweto, but also in other agglomerations all over South Africa. Tsotsi is a Sesotho slang word for a "thug" or "robber" (possibly from the verb "ho tsotsa" "to sharpen" — whose meaning has been modified in modern times to include "to con"; or from the tsetse fly, as the language was first known as Flytaal, although "flaai" also means cool or street smart) and taal is the Afrikaans word for "language". A tsotsitaal is built over the grammar of one or several languages, in which terms from other languages or specific terms created by the community of speakers are added. It is a permanent work of language-mix, language-switch, and terms-coining.

 1 : Cameroonian Pidgin English is a linguistic entity of Cameroon. It is also known as Kamtok (from 'Cameroon-talk'). Five varieties are currently recognised : Grafi Kamtok, francophone Kamtok, Limbe Kamtok, Bororo Kamtok and liturgical Kamtok. About 5% of Cameroonians are native speakers of the language, while an estimated 50% of the population speak it in some form.

 2 : Ghanaian Pidgin English is descended from a trade language developed by West African merchants in the 17th and 18th centuries to communicate with each other and with English slave, ivory, and gold traders. Nowadays, educated, English-speaking Ghanaians frown upon Pidgin, believing it to be an "inferior" form of "true" or "educated" English. Children are often forbidden to speak Pidgin, and teachers usually try to root it out of their students. Nevertheless, Pidgin survives in mixed-tribe schools and among lower-class people with less access to formal English training, because Ghana is home to several different tribes with mutually uninteligible languages and many times Pidgin is the only way to communicate with someone.

 3 : Liberian Interior Pidgin English is the speech of rubber tappersand soldiers whose first language is Mande language

 4 : Madras Tamil Pidgin English or Madras bashai is a type of mixed language spoken in the city of Chennai, India (previously known as Madras). It is a loose polyglot blend of Tamil and English, with loanwords from Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Hindi and Urdu. The term therefore is Tamil for Madras language Recently it has become known as Tanglish, as opposed to Hinglish, of which it is sometimes referred to as a dialect. However, while Hinglish and Tanglish are both dialects of English, Tanglish cannot be considered a dialect of Hinglish because, unlike Punglish (Punjabi-English) the Indian parts of these dialects are not related - Tamil, unlike Hindi, is not in the Indo-European language group.

 5 : Nauru Chinese Pidgin English is currently spoken in Nauru.

 6 : Nigerian Pidgin English is Nigerian Pidgin is an English-based Pidgin or Creole language spoken as a kind of lingua franca across Nigeria that is referred to simply as "Pidgin", "Broken English" or "Brokan". Nigerian Pidgin English was greatly influenced by the Saro or Krios who infused words like "na" into Nigerian Pidgin. It is often not considered a Creole language since most speakers are not native speakers, although many children do learn it early. Nonetheless it can be spoken as a Pidgin, a Creole, or a decreolised acrolect by different speakers, who may switch between these forms depending on the social setting. Its superstrate is English with Hausa, Yoruba and Igbo as the main substrate languages. Ihemere (2006) reports that Nigerian Pidgin is the native language of approximately 3 to 5 million people and is a second language for at least another 75 million. Variations of Pidgin are also spoken across West Africa, in countries such as Ghana, and Cameroon.

 7 : Pijin (Solomon Islands or Neo-Solomonic) is also referred to as Kanaka  and is a language spoken in the Solomon Islands. It is closely related to Tok Pisin of Papua New Guinea; Bislama of Vanuatu; and Torres Strait Creole of the Torres Strait, Queensland, Australia and is written in the Latin alphabet. As of 1999 there were 306,984 second- or third-language speakers with a literacy rate in first language of 60%,a literacy rate in second language of 50%.

 8 : Taiwan and Thai Pidgin English is a Pidgin used by local people because of the influence of English which is taught in all schools and colleges and is often used in commerce and government.

 1 : Afro-Seminole Creole is spoken by Black Seminoles in scattered communities in Oklahoma, Texas, and Northern Mexico. Speakers of Afro-Seminole Creole live in Seminole County, Oklahoma and Brackettville, Texas in the United States and in Nacimiento de los Negros, Coahuila, in Mexico. There are about 200 speakers of the language. Afro-Seminole Creole is related to the Gullah language, a Creole spoken in the coastal region and Sea Islands of the U.S. states of South Carolina and Georgia.

 2 : Aku (dialect) or Gambian Krio is a variety of Sierra Leone Krio, an English-based Creole language of Western Africa. Aku is spoken in Gambia, mainly by the Aku people, who are descendants of the Sierra Leone Creole people. In many ways the Akus are an extension of the Sierra Leone Creole community.

 3 : American Indian Pidgin English (AIPE) - is a Pidgin English spoken by Native Americans. It is mentioned in World Englishes, by Andy Kirkpatrick as one of many factors influencing American English.

 4 : Anguillan Creole is a Creole language spoken on Anguilla island in the Caribbean. It is similar to varieties of Virgin Islands Creole. The number of speakers of Anguillan Creole is below 10,000. Anguillan Creole does not have the status of an official language.

 5 : Antiguan Creole is a Creole language spoken in Antigua and Barbuda. There are subtle differences in Antiguan Creole's usage by different speakers, and Antiguans often use it in combination with Standard English. The tendency to switch back and forth from Creole to Standard English often seems to correlate with the class status of the speaker. Many of the words used in the Antiguan dialect are derived from English or African origins. The dialect was formed when slaves owned by English planters imitated the English of their masters but pronounced it with their own inflections.

 6 : Australian Kriol language or Kriol (Northern Territory Pidgin English) is an Australian Creole language that developed out of the contact between European settlers and the indigenous people in the northern regions of Australia, presently spoken by about 30,000 people. Despite the language's similarities to English in vocabulary, it has a distinct syntactic structure and grammar, and is, therefore, a language in its own right.

 7 : Bahamian Creole is spoken by approximately 400,000 people in the Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands. Variations exist between the Creole spoken on various islands, villages or communities on islands. Bahamian is spoken by both white and black Bahamians, although in slightly different forms. Bahamian also shares similar features with other Caribbean English Creoles, such as Jamaican Creole, Bajan, Trinidadian Creole and Virgin Islands Creole. There is also a very significant link between Bahamian and the Gullah language of South Carolina, as many Bahamians are descendants of slaves brought to the islands from the Gullah region after the American revolution.

 8 : Bajan (occasionally called Barbadian Creole, Bajan Patois) or Barbadian Dialect, is an English-based Creole language spoken on the West Indian island of Barbados. Bajan uses a mixture of West African idioms and expressions along with British English to produce a unique Barbadian/West Indian vocabulary and speech pattern. Bajan is similar and distinguishable from the dialects of neighbouring Caribbean islands, as many of the other Caribbean islands are based on Irish- or Scottish-based English pronunciation such as Jamaican Patois. Bajan uses a mixture of British English and West African syntax, with much of the pronunciation of words sharing similarities with the lilt of the West Country dialects of England, though it is becoming more American than British. Due to emigration to Province of Carolina, Bajan has also influenced American English and the Gullah language spoken in the Carolinas. Regionally Bajan has ties to Belizean and Guyanese Creoles.

 9 : Belizean Kriol language is most closely related to Miskito Coastal Creole, but also Limón Coastal Creole, Colón Creole, and San Andrés and Providencia Creole. Guyanese Creole and most English Creoles of the Caribbean show similarity as well. Kriol has about 400,000 speakers, in Belize (where it is the lingua franca and is spoken by 70% of the population). Kriol was historically spoken by the Kriols, a population of mainly African and British ancestry. However, most Belizean Garifunas, Mestizos, Maya, and other ethnic groups speak Kriol as at least a second language, and it is the only true common language among all groups.

 10 : Bislama is the first language of many of the "Urban ni-Vanuatu", and the second language of the rest of the country's residents. More than 95% of Bislama words are of English origin; the remainder combines a few dozen words from French, as well as some vocabulary inherited from various languages of Vanuatu, essentially limited to flora and fauna terminology. While the influence of these vernacular languages is low on the vocabulary side, it is very high in the morphosyntax. Essentially speaking, Bislama can be described as a language with an English vocabulary and an Austronesian grammar.

 11 : Bocas del Toro Creole is a linguistic variety spoken in Bocas del Toro Province of Panama. Bocas del Toro Creole is no language of its own, but similar to varieties such as Limón Coastal Creole. The number of speakers of Bocas del Toro Creole is below 100,000. Bocas del Toro Creole does not have the status of an official language. The native speakers of this dialect call it Guari-guari (misquoted for many years by the Lonely Planet as Gali-gali). It is a hybrid tongue of English and Spanish with elements of the local Guaymí language of the Ngöbe Buglé people.

 12 : Cayman Creole is spoken on Cayman Islands in the Caribbean. Cayman Creole is not a language of its own, but considered a variety of English by some observers. The number of speakers of Cayman Creole is below 100,000. Cayman Creole does not have the status of an official language.

 13 : Colón Creole is a language spoken in Panama. Colón Creole is similar to varieties such as Limón Coastal Creole, Mískito Coastal Creole, and Belizean Creole (Kriol). The number of speakers of Colón Creole is below 300,000. Colón Creole does not have the status of an official language.

 14 : Engsh is a language patois that originated in Nairobi Kenya in the 80's. While Sheng developed in the poorer parts of Nairobi, Engsh evolved among the youth of the richer, more affluent neighbourhoods. Engsh is English based, but mixes Swahili, and other ethnic languages such as Kikuyu and Luo. However, just like Sheng it is a code, and therefore cannot be understood, for the most part, by standard English speakers. Both Engsh and Sheng originated as secret codes against adults, to enable Nairobi youth to communicate with each other in a language the adults could not understand. The original speakers have since become adults, and parents. Both Engsh and Sheng evolve very fast, and the ability to keep up with the "in" words of the moment becomes harder the older a person gets, therefore they are still considered languages of the youth.

 15 : Grenadian Creole is a language patois that originated in Nairobi Kenya in the 80's. While Sheng developed in the poorer parts of Nairobi, Engsh evolved among the youth of the richer, more affluent neighbourhoods. Engsh is English based, but mixes Swahili, and other ethnic languages such as Kikuyu and Luo. However, just like Sheng it is a code, and therefore cannot be understood, for the most part, by standard English speakers. Both Engsh and Sheng originated as secret codes against adults, to enable Nairobi youth to communicate with each other in a language the adults could not understand.

 16 : Gullah language is a Creole language spoken by the Gullah people (also called "Geechees"), an African American population living on the Sea Islands and the coastal region of the U.S. states of South Carolina and Georgia. It is also called Sea Island Creole English and Geechee. Gullah is based on English, with strong influences from West and Central African languages such as Mandinka, Wolof, Bambara, Fula, Mende, Vai, Akan, Ewe, Yoruba, Igbo, Hausa, Kongo, Umbundu, and Kimbundu.

 17 : Guyanese Creole is a Creole language spoken by more than seven hundred thousand people in Guyana. Guyanese is based on and influenced by the Hindi languagee, as well as English. It is similar to other Indian dialects, but distinctly different from indian, bajan, and arawak Creole. It is related to Paramaccan and Aluku.

 18 : Hawaiian Pidgin is based in part on English used by most "local" residents of Hawai'i. Although English and Hawaiian are the co-official languages of the State of Hawai'i, Pidgin is used by many Hawai'i residents in everyday conversation and is often used in advertising toward Hawai'i residents. In the Hawaiian language, "Hawaiian Creole English" is called "'ōlelo pa'i 'ai," which literally means "hard-taro language." Japanese loanwords in Hawaii is Many loanwords in Hawaiian Pidgin (or Hawaiian Creole English) derive from the Japanese language. The linguistic influences of the Japanese in Hawaii began with the first immigrants from Japan in 1868 and continue with the large Japanese American population in Hawaiʻi today.

 19 : Jamaican language is an English–African Creole language spoken primarily in Jamaica and the Jamaican diaspora, known locally as Patois (Patwa). It is not to be confused with Jamaican English nor with the Rastafarian use of English. The language developed in the 17th century, when slaves from West and Central Africa were exposed to, learned and nativized the vernacular and dialectal forms of English spoken by their masters : British English and Hiberno English. Jamaican Patois is a post-Creole speech continuum (a linguistic continuum)—meaning that the variety of the language closest to the lexifier language (the acrolect) cannot be distinguished systematically from intermediate varieties (collectively referred to as the mesolect) nor even from the most divergent rural varieties (collectively referred to as the basilect). Jamaicans themselves usually refer to their language as patois, a French term without a precise linguistic definition.

 20 : Jamaican Maroon Spirit Possession Language is a ritual language used by Jamaican Maroons while possessed by the spirits of ancestors during Kromanti ceremonies or when addressing those who are possessed. It is an English-based Creole, distinct from usual Jamaican Creole, but similar to the Creoles of Suriname such as Sranan. An African language, Kromanti, is used for the spirits of the oldest ancestors, who were born in Africa.

 21 : Krio language is the lingua franca and the de facto national language spoken throughout the West African nation of Sierra Leone. Krio is spoken by 98% of Sierra Leone's population and unites all the different ethnic groups in the country, especially in their trade and social interaction with each other. The Krio language is an offshoot of the language brought by the Nova Scotians from North America and the numerous liberated Yoruba slaves who settled in Sierra Leone. The vocabulary of Krio is derived primarily from English, while its sound system, grammar and sentence structure are heavily influenced by African languages ( at least 12 African languages), including aspects from the Yoruba language of Nigeria and Twi of Ghana.

 22 : Liberian Kreyol language or Kreyol is an English-based creole language spoken in Liberia and Sierra Leone. It is spoken by 1,500,000 people as a second language (1984 census). It is historically and linguistically related to Merico, another creole spoken in Liberia, but is grammatically distinct from it. Ir is also distinguished from the Kru Pidgin English, a variant of Kreyol used by the Kru fishermen.

 23 : Light Warlpiri is a mixed language of Australia, with indigenous Warlpiri, Kriol~Australian Aboriginal English (AAE), and Standard Australian English (SAE) as its source languages. It is spoken in the Lajamanu community by adults under the age of approximately 35 and by children as their first language (although all children eventually also gain fluency in Warlpiri and English).

 24 : Limónese Creole (also called Limón Creole English or Mekatelyu) is an English-based creole language spoken in Limón Province on the Caribbean Sea coast of Costa Rica. Limón Coastal Creole is similar to varieties such as Colón Creole, Mískito Coastal Creole, Belizean Kriol language, and San Andrés and Providencia Creole. The number of speakers of Limón Coastal Creole is below 100,000. Limón Coastal Creole does not have the status of an official language. It is very similar to Jamaican Creole and has borrowed many words from English.

 25 : Manglish is an English based creole spoken in Malaysia and it is a portmanteau of the word Malay and English (also possibly Mandarin and English). The vocabulary of Manglish consists of words originating from English, Malay, Hokkien, Mandarin, Cantonese, Tamil, and to a lesser extent various other European languages, while Manglish syntax resembles southern varieties of Chinese. Also, elements of American and Australian slang have come through from imported television series. The Malaysian Manglish is sometimes known as Rojak or Bahasa Rojak, but it differs from the Rojak language by the usage of English as the base language.

 26 : Miskito Coastal Creole or Nicaragua Creole English is a language spoken in Nicaragua based on English. Its approximately 30,000 speakers are found along the Mosquito Coast of the Caribbean Sea. The language is nearly identical to Belizean Creole (Kriol), and similar to all Central American Creoles. It does not have the status of an official language.

 27 : Montserrat Creole is a Creole language spoken in Montserrat. The number of speakers of Montserrat Creole is below 10,000. Montserrat Creole does not have the status of an official language.

 28 : Ndyuka also called Aukan, Ndyuká tongo, Aukaans, or Okanisi, is a creole language of Suriname. Most of the 25 to 30 thousand speakers live in the interior of the country, which is a part of the country covered with tropical rainforests. Ethnologue lists two related languages under the name Ndyuka. Ndyuka is based on English vocabulary, with influence from African languages in its grammar and sounds.

 29 : Norfuk language (increasingly spelled Norfolk) is the language spoken on Norfolk Island by the local residents. It is a blend of English of the 1700s and Tahitian originally introduced by settlers from the Pitcairn Islands who spoke Pitkern. It is the co-official language of Norfolk Island. The language is closely related to Pitkern, but has no other close relatives other than its parent tongues of English and Tahitian. It is generally considered that English has had more of an influence upon the language than Tahitian, with words of Tahitian extraction being largely confined to taboo subjects, negative characterisations, and adjectives indicating that something is undesirable.

 30 : Pitkern (also Pitcairnese) is a creole language based on an 18th century dialect of English and Tahitian. It is a primary language of Pitcairn Island with fewer than 100 speakers worldwide. However, the closely related Norfuk language has a few thousand native speakers. Pitkern and Norfuk are unusual in that, although their home islands are located in the Pacific Ocean, they have been described as Atlantic creoles.

 31 : Rama Cay Creole is a Creole language spoken by some 8-900 people on the island of Rama Cay in eastern Nicaragua. It is based on Miskito Coastal Creole with additional elements of the Chibchan language Rama and purportedly some elements of English spoken with a German accent. The creolization of the language is supposed to have happened when Moravian missionaries who were native Germans but preached in English enouraged the Rama-speaking population of the island to shift to English.

 32 : Rio Abajo Creole is a linguistic variety spoken in Rio Abajo in Panama City, the capital of Panama. Rio Abajo Creole is no language of its own, but similar to varieties such as Limón Coastal Creole. The number of speakers of Rio Abajo Creole is below 100,000. Rio Abajo Creole does not have the status of an official language.

 33 : Saint Kitts Creole is a Creole language spoken in Saint Kitts and Nevis by under 100,000 people. Saint Kitts Creole does not have the status of an official language. Saint Kitts Creole has much the same history as other English Caribbean creoles. Its origin lies in 17th century West African slaves, who, when brought to the islands to work on sugar plantations, were forced to quickly learn British English because their labour required it. Their English was mixed with some West African words and, in some cases, West African language structure. The French, who occupied the island from 1625 to 1713, had only a small impact on the creole spoken today, unlike in the formerly French islands of Dominica and Saint Lucia, which speak a French-based rather than English-based creole.

 34 : Saint Martin Creole is an English-based creole spoken on Saint Martin, an island in the Caribbean. Although Saint Martin is politically half-French and half-Dutch, English is the predominant language among the native population, especially on the Dutch side. The number of speakers of Saint Martin Creole is below 100,000. Saint Martin Creole does not have the status of an official language.

 35 : San Andrés-Providencia Creole is a Creole language spoken in the San Andrés and Providencia Department of Colombia by the natives (the Raizal ethnic group), very similar to the Miskito Coastal Creole spoken in Bluefields, the Corn Islands and the Mosquito Coast of Nicaragua. Its vocabulary is originated in English language, but it has its own phonetics and many expressions from Spanish and African dialects of the Kwa languages (Twi, Ewe and Ibi languages) among others. It is not just a dialect with different phonetics and syntax. It has its own grammar distinct from English and Spanish. The language is also known as "San Andrés Creole", "Bende", and "Islander Creole English".

 36 : Singlish (Singapore) is an English-based creole used in Singapore. According to the 2000 census, which does not distinguish between Singlish and English, "English" is the lingua franca of Singapore and 71% of Singaporeans are literate in the language. However, well-educated Singaporeans are able to code-switch between Singlish and standard English. The vocabulary of Singlish consists of words originating from English, Malay (mainly Bahasa Melayu rather than Indonesian), Hokkien, Teochew, Cantonese, Tamil, Bengali, Punjabi and to a lesser extent various other European, Indic and Sinitic languages, while Singlish syntax resembles southern varieties of Chinese. Also, elements of American and Australian slang have come through from imported television series and films. Recently, because Mandarin Chinese is taught to most Singaporean Chinese students in school, Mandarin words have also found their way into Singlish.

 37 : Sranan Tongo (also Sranan Tongo "Surinamean tongue", Surinaams, Surinamese, Suriname Creole, Taki Taki) is a creole language spoken as a lingua franca by approximately 400,000 people in Suriname. It is the mother tongue of the Creoles. Sranan was previously called nengre or negerengels (Dutch, "negroenglish"). Since this language is shared between the Dutch-, Javanese-, Hindustani-, and Chinese-speaking communities, most Surinamese speak it as a lingua franca. Sranan Tongo's lexicon is thus a fusion of English, Dutch, Portuguese and Central and West African languages.

 38 : Tok Pisin (New Guinea) is a Creole spoken throughout Papua New Guinea; in parts of Western, Gulf, Central, Oro Province and Milne Bay Provinces the use of Tok Pisin has a shorter history, and is less universal, especially among older people. It is an official language of Papua New Guinea and the most widely used language in that country.

 39 : Tobagonian Creole English is a Creole English which is the general spoken language in Tobago. It is distinct from Trinidadian Creole English and closer to other Lesser Antillean English creoles.

 40 : Torres Strait Creole is (also Torres Strait Pidgin, Torres Strait Brokan/Broken, Cape York Creole, Lockhart Creole, Papuan Pidgin English, Broken English, Brokan/Broken, Blaikman, Big Thap) is spoken on several Torres Strait Islands (Queensland, Australia), Northern Cape York and South-Western Coastal Papua. It has approximately 25 000 mother-tongue and bi/tri-lingual speakers, as well as several second/third-language speakers. It is widely used as a language of trade and commerce. The main influences were Singapore Pidgin, Pacific Pidgin and Jamaican Creole.

 41 : Trinidadian Creole English is a Creole English which is the general spoken language in Trinidad. It is distinct from Tobagonian Creole English and from other Lesser Antillean English creoles. Like other Caribbean Creoles, TCE combines syntax of African origin with a primarily English-derived vocabulary. In addition, many expressions reflect the presence of a French Creole (or Patois) substratum which was the primary language until the end of the nineteenth century. Spanish, and Hindi and Bhojpuri influences are also present in the language.

 42 : Turks and Caicos Islands Creole is an English-based creole spoken in the Turks and Caicos Islands, a British Overseas Territory in the West Indies southeast of the Bahamas. Turks and Caicos Islands Creole is similar to other Caribbean English creoles and is almost identical to Bahamian Creole. These languages draw on African grammar while using a largely English vocabulary. The number of speakers of Turks and Caicos Islands Creole is around 10,000. Turks and Caicos Islands Creole does not have the status of an official language.

 43 : Vincentian Creole is a Creole language spoken in Saint Vincent. The number of speakers of Vincentian Creole is at about 100,000. Vincentian Creole does not have the status of an official language.

 44 : Virgin Islands Creole is an English-based creole spoken in the Virgin Islands in the Caribbean. Virgin Islands Creole is not to be confused with Negerhollands, a Dutch-based creole that was once spoken in the Danish West Indies, now known as the U.S. Virgin Islands.

 45 : Angloromani (literally "English Romani") or Angloromany is a language combining aspects of English and Romani. Romani was spoken in England until the late 19th century; perhaps a generation longer in Wales. It was replaced by English as the everyday and family language of British Romani but this does not mean the language disappeared entirely. Words of Romani origin were still used as part of a family-language. Words which are occasionally inserted into English conversation are referred to in linguistic literature on Romani as 'Para-Romani' : the selective retention of some Romani-derived vocabulary following the disappearance of Romani as an everyday language of conversation.

 46 : Shelta (also known as Gammen, Sheldru, Pavee, Caintíotar or simply "The Cant") is a language spoken by the Irish Traveller people. It was often used to conceal meaning from those outside the group. The language is found throughout Ireland, but is more concentrated in the south-east part of the country. Shelta is a cant originally based on Irish with some English influences. Because Shelta originates from older versions of Irish, it was originally part of the Goidelic branch of the Celtic language family. However, its syntax is now primarily English based and has been heavily influenced by other non-Celtic languages. As a result, Shelta has a character very different from other Goidelic Celtic languages.

 47 : Dominican English-Creole or Cocoy is the dialect of Dominica, along with Creole—French-based patois. Cocoy, or Kockoy, is a mix of Leeward Island English-Creole and Dominican Creole. It is mainly spoken in the north-eastern villages of Marigot and Wesley.

 48 : Chinglonesian, a portmanteau of the words Chinese, Indonesian, and English, is the English-based Creole spoken colloquially in Indonesia, Singapore and other countries that have large numbers of speakers of each language mentioned, for example Australia. Chinglonesian adopts much of its vocabulary from English, especially terms relating to the sciences, information technology and the arts. However, much of its spoken, everyday vernacular is derived from Indonesian and Malay, the two being mutually intelligable, with differences being mostly regional. Chinese, predominantly Standard Cantonese, is also used extensively, particularly for Asian concepts.

Extinct Creoles and Pidgins :

 [1] Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin was a Pidgin that sprung up in Broome, Western Australia in the early 20th century to facilitate communication between the various groups working in the pearling industry there—Japanese, Malays, Torres Strait Islanders, Koepangers, Hakka Chinese, Filipinos, a small number of Koreans, and local Australian Aborigines, mainly of the Bardi tribe but also Nyulnyul, Jabirrjabirr, Jukun, Yawuru and Karajarri people. Its words come primarily from the Malay language (specifically Kupang Malay), but it also took some words and grammatical features from Japanese, English (through the Pidgin English of the Aborigines), and the local Australian Aboriginal languages.

 [2] Chinese Pidgin English (China Coast Pidgin) was the vile jargon which forms the means of communication at the Chinese ports between Englishmen who do not speak Chinese, and those Chinese with whom they are in the habit of communicating.

 [3] Chukotka Pidgin English was spoken by the English-speaking whalers and the Chukotka natives, indigenous people inhabiting the Chukchi Peninsula and the shores of the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea region of the Arctic Ocean within the Russian Federation.

 [4] Inglés de escalerilla was a Spanish-English Pidgin in use in Spanish Mediterranean seaports.

 [5] Japanese Bamboo English was spoken between American military personnel and the Japanese in occupied Japan after the Second World War. Recently it has been most widely used in Okinawa, where there is a significant U.S. military presence.

 [6] Korean Bamboo English is the same as Japanese Bamboo English with only a few local Korean additions.

 [7] Kru Pidgin English (KPE) was the language of "Kru sailors," the Klao and Grebo men who worked on board European vessels along the African coast.

 [8] Maori English Pidgin was an English-based pidgin language spoken in New Zealand

 [9] Merico or Americo-Liberian is an English-based creole language spoken until recently in Liberia by descendants of the Settlers, freed slaves and African-Americans who immigrated from the southern US between 1819 and 1860. It is distinguished from Liberian Kreyol language and from Kru, and may be connected to Gullah and Jamaican Creole. The original Settlers numbered 19,000 in 1860.[1] By 1975 the language was partly decreolized, restricted to informal settings, and deprecated even by its speakers.

 [10] Micronesian was a contact language between English sailors and Micronesians during the 17th century.

 [11] New Caledonian / Loyalty Islands was spoken in New Caledonia when the French annexed it in 1853, it seems likely that this was the beach-la-mar pre Pidgin rather than an early form of the stable Melanesian Pidgin English of today. This Pidgin was replaced by a largely French-based Pidgin, however English-based variety was not replaced for some time on the nearby Loyalty Islands.

 [12] Pigeon-English was the name given to the hybrid mixture of English, Portuguese and Chinese used in business during the Victorian era between British traders and the residents of the Far East.

 [13] Pichinglis is (also pichi, pichingli, Pichingle, or broken-inglis) was an English-based Creole spoken in Spanish territories during the colonial period. "Pichinglis" can refer to a trade Pidgin used in the Canary Islands, but can also refer to a Pidgin spoken in Spanish Guinea, on the island of Bioko (formerly Fernando Po) in the Gulf of Guinea, where it served as a lingua franca.

 [14] Port Jackson Pidgin English, Macassarese, Port Augusta Pidgin English or South Australian Pidgin English was an English-based pidgin language spoken in the 1920s.

 [15] Queensland Kanaka English, Queensland Canefields English or Queensland Plantation Pidgin English is an English-based Pidgin language that was spoken by Melanesian labourers in Queensland, Australia from the late 1860s.

 [16] Samoan Plantation Pidgin is an English-based pidgin language that was spoken by plantation workers in Samoa. It is closely related to Tok Pisin, due to the large number of New Guinean laborers in Samoa.

 [17] Togolese Pidgin English was a Pidgin used by German administration, primary language of commerce and higher education during colonization.

 [18] Vietnamese Pidgin English was a Pidgin used by American soldiers and Vietnamese people in the Vietnam war.

 [19] West African Pidgin English also called Guinea Coast Creole English, was the lingua franca of commerce along the West African coast during the era of the Atlantic slave trade. British slave merchants and local African traders developed this language in the coastal areas in order to facilitate their commercial exchanges, but it quickly spread up the river systems into the West African interior because of its value as a trade language among Africans of different tribes. Later in its history, this valuable trading language was adopted as a native language by new communities of Africans and mixed-race people living in coastal slave trading bases like James Island, Bunce Island, Elmina Castle, Cape Coast Castle, and Anomabu. At that point, it became a Creole language. Some scholars call this language "West African Pidgin English" to emphasize its role as a lingua franca Pidgin used for trading. Others call it "Guinea Coast Creole English" to emphasize its role as a Creole native language spoken in and around the coastal slave castles and slave trading centers by people permanently based there.

Other specificities :

 Middle English Creole hypothesiss is the conjecture that the English language is a creole, i.e., a language that developed from a Pidgin. The vast differences between Old and Middle English have led some historical linguists to claim that the language underwent creolisation at the time of either the Norse or Norman Conquests, or during both.

 Naija lingo is an online Nigerian Pidgin English and slang dictionary > Naija lingo is an online Nigerian Pidgin English and slang dictionary Naijalingo provides definitions to Nigerian words and phrases and its contents are written by its users and moderated by the sites administrators, which also includes some of its top users. The powers of users vary due to the amount of words they have added to the site or their level of participation on the site.

 Rauma dialect Pidgin English is a dialect of Finnish spoken in the town of Rauma, western Finland. The written form of the dialect was preserved by the writer and doctor Hj. Nortamo, and is currently practiced mainly as a hobby. Some of the most distinctive characteristics of the dialect (as written) are the use of letters 'g' and 'b', which are not common in Finnish language. Pronunciation of these letters is, however, closer to the more common 'k' and 'p' of mainstream Finnish. "Rauman giäl". The dialect inherits words from languages such as Swedish, English and German due to the seafaring past. The dialect has been diluted into mainstream Finnish in day-to-day use, but it is fairly well studied (mainly by Hj. Nortamo) and practiced as a hobby.

 Samaná English is a variety of the English language in the Dominican Republic. Samaná English is spoken on the Samaná peninsula of the island of Hispaniola. Samaná English is spoken by over 10,000 persons. The speakers of Samaná English are the descendants of slaves of African origin, who came from the United States in the 19th century. Samaná English is variously described a creole language, a dialect of English, or a linguistic entity fitting neither category. A community of descendants of ex-USA slaves settled in 1824. It is reported that there was a settlement of African slaves here in the early 1500s. There are features of creolization and archaic Black English.

 1 : Agalega Creole is a French-based creole language spoken in Agalega. It has been heavily influenced by both Mauritian Creole and Seychellois Creole, as well as Malagasy. The total population of speakers number just under 1,000. (See below Bourbonnais Creole)

 2 : Chagossian Creole (also Kreol Ilois or just Ilois) is a French-based Creole spoken by the 3,000 or so Chagossians, the former inhabitants of the Chagos Archipelago. It is currently spoken in mainly Mauritius and the Seychelles. There is also a small minority speaking it in the United Kingdom. (See below Bourbonnais Creole)

 3 : Dominican Creole  (See below Antillean Creole)

 4 : French Guiana Creole is a French-lexified creole language spoken in French Guiana, and to a lesser degree, in Suriname and Guyana. It resembles Antillean Creole, but there are some lexical and grammatical differences between them. Antilleans can generally understand French Guiana Creole, though the notable differences between the créole of French Guiana and the créoles of the Caribbean may cause some instances of confusion. The diffences consist of more French and Brazilian Portuguese influences (due to the proximity of Brazil and Portuguese presence in the country for several years.) There are also words of Amerindian and African origin. There are Guianese communities in Suriname and Guyana who continue to speak French Guiana Creole. It should not be confused with the Guyanese Creole language, based on English, spoken in neighbouring Guyana.

 7 : Haitian Creole language is (kreyòl ayisyen), often called simply Creole or Kreyòl (pronounced [kɰejɔl]), is a language spoken in Haiti by about eight million people, which is nearly the entire population, and via emigration, by about one million speakers residing in the Bahamas, Cuba, Canada, Cayman Islands, Dominican Republic, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Puerto Rico, and United States. The language is notable for being the most widely spoken creole language in the world.

 8 : Haitian Vodoun Culture Language is an unclassified language used in Haiti. It is also known as Langay and Langaj (meaning literally "language"). This language is used for religion, song, and dance purposes (it is used as a second language only). In addition to borrowings from Haitian Creole French, French, Wolof and other languages, it may also have loanwords from Amerindian languages.

 9 : Lanc-Patuá is a creole language spoken in the state of Amapá in Brazil, primarily now around the capital, Macapá. It is a French-based creole language, spoken by local Indians and immigrants from French Guiana, the Caribbean and other areas of Brazil, and their descendants. It has some English and Portuguese influence on its vocabulary, but its grammar is clearly similar to the French-based creole languages of the Caribbean and the Indian Ocean.

 10 : Louisiana Creole French is (Kréyol La Lwizyàn) is a French Creole language spoken by the mixed Louisiana Creole people of the state of Louisiana. The language consists of elements of French, Native American, Spanish, and West African roots.

 11 : Martiniquese Creole or Créole martiniquais  (See below (Antillean Creole)

 1 : Ambonese Malay was first brought by traders from Western Indonesia, then developed when the Dutch Empire colonized the Molluccas (Maluku). This was the first example of the transliteration of Malay into Roman script, and used as a tool of the missionaries in Eastern Indonesia. Malay has been taught in schools and churches in Ambon, and because of this, has become a lingua franca in Ambon and its surroundings. Christian speakers use Ambonese Malay as their mother tongue, while Muslims speak it as second language as they have their own language. Muslims in Ambon island particularly live in several areas in Municipality of Ambon, dominant in Salahutu and Leihitu Peninsula. While in the Lease (pron : LAY-AH-SAY) islands, Christian Ambonese-speaking community is dominant in part of Haruku, Saparua and Nusa Laut islands. Ambonese Malay Creole has also become lingua franca in Buru, Seram, Geser-Gorom and South-West Maluku Islands, though with different accents. Ambonese Malay is based on Malay with a great influences from both European languages (Dutch and Portuguese) as well as the vocabularies or grammatical structures of indigenous languages. It is famous for its melodious accent. Muslims and Christian speakers tend to make different choices in vocabulary.

 2 : Bacanese Malay is spoken in Bacan islands and its surroundings, North Maluku. Distinct from both Ambonese and Ternate Malay. [edit] Larantuka Malay

 3 : Bandanese Malay is spoken in Banda Islands, Maluku and it has specific accents. Different from Ambonese Malay and for Ambonese, Bandanese Malay is widely perceived as sounding funny due to its unique features.

 4 : Betawian Malay is a creolized-Malay which is spoken in Jakarta (the modern name for Betawi) and its surroundings. Betawian or Omong Betawi is based on Bazaar Malay (Melayu Pasar) but influenced by various languages such as Javanese, Sundanese (the area is surrounded by Sundanese speaking area), Chinese, Portuguese, Dutch, Balinese and others. Betawian creole began to be used after 1750 in Batavia, and replaced Portuguese creole as the lingua franca. Betawian Malay was also influenced by Chinese-style Malay spoken by the Chinese settlers who had come earlier.

 5 : Bruneian Malay spoken in Brunei has some unique words when compared with Malaysian and Indonesian.

 6 : Kedahan Malay is spoken in Perlis, Kedah, Pulau Pinang and in North Perak of Malaysia and Satun province of Thailand.

 7 : Kupang Malay is Spoken in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara West-end of Timor Island. It is based on archaic Malay which mixed mostly with Dutch, Portuguese and local languages. Similar to Ambonese Malay with several differences in vocabularies and accents. Its grammatical system resembles that of other East Indonesian Malay Creoles.

 8 : Larantuka Malay is as lingua franca in Larantuka, East Flores, East Nusa Tenggara. Based on Malay and distinct to Kupang Malay. While other parts of Flores island tend to speak standard Indonesian, in Sikka and in some communities in Larantuka Portuguese is also spoken, particularly in religious matters. It can be heard in Holy Week rituals in Larantuka.

 9 : Manado Malay is a language spoken in Manado and the surrounding area. The local name of the language is Bahasa Manado, and the name Minahasa Malay is also used, after the main ethnic group speaking the language. Since Manado Malay is used only for spoken communication, there is no standard orthography. Manado Malay is actually a creole of the Malay language. It differs from Malay in having a large number of Portuguese and Dutch loan words and in traits like for example its use of "kita" as a first person singular pronoun, while "kita" is a first person inclusive plural pronoun in Malay.

 10 : Papuan/Irian Malay is a contact language among tribes in Indonesian New Guinea (Papua and West Papua) for trading and daily communication. Papuan and Irian declared Malay as their language since 1926, before the Sumpah Pemuda declaration. Nowadays, they tend to speak more formal Indonesian. This variant is also understood in Vanimo, Papua New Guinea near Indonesian border.

 11 : Peranakan Indonesian is an Indonesian-based Creole language spoken in Java, Indonesia. Peranakan Indonesian first developed during the 17th century among Chinese traders who married Javanese women.

 12 : Pulau Pinang is spoken in Penang island that was colonised by Britain in 1786 and became a mecca for immigrants. This island once was the part of Kedah. Penangite Muslims are descendants from various ethnic groups, such as Malays, Thais, Burmese, Cambodians, Chinese, Indians, Javanese, Minangkabaus, Bataks, Boyanese, Buginese, Banjarese, Arabs and Persians. Through intermarriages, the local Kedah dialect has absorbed numerous foreign words.

 13 : Sarawakian Malay is a Malay dialect influenced by many Javanese (since that parts of Borneo was under Majapahit rule) and Dayak words, and it has many unique words when compared to standard Malay.

 14 : Sri Lanka Malay is an unique mixture of the Sinhalese language and the Tamil language with Malay. Sri Lanka Malay (SLM) is a restructured vernacular of Malay base spoken by at least five different communities in Sri Lanka which has evolved to be significantly divergent from other varieties of Malay due to intimate contact with the dominant languages of Sinhala and Tamil. The Malays in Sri Lanka, whose ancestry include laborers brought by the Dutch and British, as well as soldiers in the Dutch garrison, now constitute 0.3% of the population, numbering some 46,000. It is spoken exclusively by the Malay ethnic minority in Sri Lanka.

 15 : Ternatean Malay is a creole that resembles to Manado Malay, but with different accents and vocabulary. A large percentage of its vocabulary is borrowed from Ternatean, such as : ngana : you (sg) ngoni : you (pl) bifi : ant ciri : to fall Spoken in Ternate, Tidore and Halmahera islands, North Maluku for intergroup communications, and in the Sula Islands.

Extinct Creoles and Pidgins :

 [1] Baba Malay is spoken in Malaysia but is now now almost extinct. These are Malay varieties spoken by the Peranakan, Chinese descendants who live in Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia since the 15th Century. A kind of Baba Malay is spoken among Chinese living in East Java. It is a mixture of Malay or Indonesian with local Javanese (East Javanese dialect) and Chinese elements (particularly Hokkien). This particular variety is found only in East Java, especially in Surabaya and surrounding areas. While other Chinese tend to speak the language varieties of the places in which they live (the Chinese of Central Java speak High or Standard Javanese in daily conversation even among themselves; in West Java, they tend to speak Sundanese), in Surabaya younger ethnic Chinese people tend to speak pure Javanese (Surabaya dialect) and learn Mandarin in courses.

Notes :

Chinglonesian is a English-based pidgin

 1 : Angolar language is also Ngola (Lungua N'golá) is a minority language of São Tomé and Príncipe, spoken in the southernmost towns of São Tomé island and sparsely along the coast. It is a creole language, based partially on Portuguese with a heavy substrate of a dialect of Umbundu (port. Umbundo), a Bantu language from inland Angola, where a number of black slaves were taken to this island. Angolan residents and tourists speaking Portuguese and Umbundo are surprised when they hear this Creole which is almost similar to their dialect.

 2 : Annobonese language is known to its speakers as Fá d'Ambô or Fa D'ambu, is spoken by 2,500 in the Annobon and Bioko Islands off the coast of Equatorial Guinea, mostly by people of mixed African, Spanish, and Portuguese descent. Annobonese is a Portuguese Creole. It is called Falar de Ano Bom or annobonense in Portuguese, and annobonés in Spanish. The language was spoken originally by the descendants of marriages between Portuguese men and African women slaves imported from other places, especially from São Tomé and Angola, and therefore descends from a mixture of Portuguese and Forro.

 3 : Cape Verdean Creole is also known as Kabuverdianu is a language spoken on the islands of Cape Verde. It is a creole language of Portuguese basis, it is the mother tongue of virtually all Cape Verdeans, and it is used as a second language by descendants of Cape Verdeans in other countries. According to A. Carreira, Cape Verdean Creole was formed from a Portuguese pidgin, on the island of Santiago, starting from the 15th century. That pidgin was then transported to the west coast of Africa by the lançados. From there, that pidgin diverged into two proto-Creoles, one that was the base of all Cape Verdean Creoles, and another that was the base of the Guinea-Bissau Creole. Crioulo cabo-verdiano have two separated dialects : Sul ou Sotavento (Brava, Fogo, Maio, Santiago) and Norte ou Barlavento (Boa Vista, Sal, Santo Antão, São Nicolau, São Vicente)

 4 : Daman Indo-Portuguese language or Daman Portuguese creole, known to its speakers as Língua da Casa (Portuguese for "Home language"), is a Portuguese-based creole spoken in Daman. It is of the few Portuguese creoles still spoken in South Asia. The Daman creole is a descendant of the Norteiro creole, spoken originally by the Norteiros on the Coast from Chaul, Baçaim, Bombay, Daman and Diu. Since the Norteiros are ethnic Konkani people, the substrate of the Daman creole is likely to be Konkani. Gujarati has also been suggested as a possible substrate, but this is doubtful, since the Gujarati people moved into the region only after the Portuguese arrived. The superstrate language is Portuguese. Before the Indian annexation of the territory, the Daman creole had become more similar to standard Portuguese.

 5 : Forro language is a Portuguese-based creole language spoken in São Tomé and Príncipe. The name means "freed slave" in Portuguese. The language is also called crioulo santomense. It should not be confused with the dialect of Portuguese spoken in São Tomé and Príncipe. Since both parties needed to communicate, a pidgin was formed. The substrate languages were from the Bantu and Kwa groups. This pidgin then became fixed (creolized) as it became the mother language of children born from Portuguese men and African women slaves. (Mixed marriages were then encouraged by the Portuguese Crown, for the sake of settlement.) Later because of Dutch and French pressure to gain the island, many Portuguese settlers left.

 6 : Guinea-Bissau Creole is (native name kriol,kiriol or kriolu varying with dialects; crioulo da Guiné in Portuguese) is the lingua franca of the West African country of Guinea Bissau. It is a Portuguese-based creole language, closely related to Cape Verdean creole. The Creole's substrate language is the language of the local peoples : Mandingas, Manjacos, Pepéis and others, but most of the lexicon (around 80%) comes from Portuguese. The dialect of Casamance (Ziguinchor), similar to the one of Cacheu (Guinea-Bissau) has some influence of French.

 7 : Kristang language is Papiá Kristang ("Christian language"), or just Kristang, is a creole language. It is spoken by the Kristang, a community of people of mixed Portuguese and Asian ancestry, chiefly in Malacca (Malaysia) and Singapore. The language is also called Cristão or Cristan ("Christian"), Português de Malaca ("Malacca Portuguese"), or simply Papiá. Its grammatical structure is similar to that of the Malay language. Because of its largely Portuguese vocabulary, and perhaps also as a result of migrations and cultural exchange along trade routes, Kristang has much in common with other Portuguese-based creoles, as well as with the extinct creoles of Indonesia and East Timor.

 8 : Kristi language is the language of some 1,000 Christians in an isolated area around the village of Korlai in Raigad District of Maharashtra state, India. More commonly, the language is known as Korlai Creole Portuguese, Korlai Portuguese, or No Ling ("our language" in the language itself). It is a creole language based on Portuguese.

 9 : Macanese language is or Macau Creole (known as Patuá to its speakers) is a creole language derived mainly from Malay, Sinhalese, Cantonese, and Portuguese, which was originally spoken by the Macanese community of the Portuguese colony of Macau. It is now spoken by a few families in Macau and in the Macanese diaspora. The language developed first mainly among the descendants of Portuguese settlers. These often married women from Malacca and Sri Lanka rather than from neighboring China, so the language had strong Malay and Sinhalese influence from the beginning. In the 17th century it was further influenced by the influx of immigrants from other Portuguese colonies in Asia, especially from Malacca, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka, that had been displaced by the Dutch expansion in the East Indies, and Japanese Christian refugees.

 10 : Papiamento is the official and most widely spoken language on the Caribbean islands of Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao (the so-called "ABC islands"). Papiamento is also spoken on the island of Sint Eustatius. Papiamento is a creole language derived from the Portuguese language with vocabulary influences from African languages, English and Arawak native languages.

 11 : Principense language called lunguyê ("Language of the Island") by its speakers, is a Portuguese creole spoken in a community of some four thousand people in São Tomé and Príncipe, specifically on the island of Príncipe (there are two Portuguese-based creoles on São Tomé, Angolar and São Tomense), according to a 1989 study. Today it is mostly spoken by some elderly women (the Ethnologue entry lists 200 native speakers); most of the island's community speaks Portuguese; some also speak Forro. Principense presents many similarities with the Forro on São Tomé and may be regarded as a Forro dialect. Like Forro, it is a creole language based on Portuguese with substrates of Bantu and Kwa.

 12 : Simple Portuguese ('Pequeno Português' literally "Little Portuguese") is a Portuguese pidgin spoken throughout Angola, it is used for communication as a lingua franca between speakers from different ethnic groups.

 13 : Sri Lankan Portuguese Creole,Ceylonese Portuguese Creole or Sri Lankan Portuguese Creole (SLPC) is a language spoken in Sri Lanka. While the predominant languages of the island are Sinhala and Tamil, the interaction of the Portuguese and the Sri Lankans led to the evolution of a new language, Sri Lanka Portuguese Creole (SLPC), which flourished as a lingua franca on the island for over 350 years (16th to mid 19th centuries). SLPC continues to be spoken by an unknown, extremely small population.

Extinct Creoles and Pidgins :

 [1] Bidau Creole Portuguese (Português de Bidau) was a Portuguese-based creole language that was spoken in Bidau, an eastern suburb of Dili, East Timor until the 1960s, when the speakers shifted to standard Portuguese. Bidau Creole Portuguese grew out of the Portuguese spoken by settlers and Mestiços from Flores Island, influenced by languages introduced to the area by military men from Lifau. It shares a number of features with nearby creoles such as Macanese.

 [2] Diu Indo-Portuguese language or Diu Portuguese Creole (in Portuguese língua dos velhos, "Elder's Language") was spoken in Diu, India. It is a creole based on Portuguese and a local language. Widely spoken in the past, the language is rapidly disappearing because Gujarati is more widely spoken and is now the main language of education there. Only the less educated elder members of the community speak it at home. In the past there was a vibrant community of Portuguese-Indians who spoke it. It is one of the two living Portuguese Creoles of India.

 [3] Papia Tugu language was a language spoken in Tugu, village north of Jakarta, by descendants of 17th century Portuguese travelers. It is a creole language similar to the Papiá Kristang of Malacca. The language was spoken until the 1940s, and the last speaker died in 1978. The language now survives only in the lyrics of old songs of the genre Keroncong Moresco or Keroncong Tugu.

 [4] Portugis language is a language that was spoken by the Christians of mixed Portuguese and Malay ancestry in the islands of Ambon and Ternate in the Moluccas (Indonesia), from the 16th century to the middle of the 20th century. Portugis was a creole based chiefly on Portuguese and Malay. The language was gradually replaced by a creolized Malay called Ambonese Malay.

 1 : Chavacano, also Chabacano, is a Spanish-based creole language spoken in the Philippines. The Chavacano language is the only Spanish-based creole in Asia. It has survived for more than 400 years, making it one of the oldest creole languages in the world. This creole has six dialects (Caviteño, Ternateño, Ermiteño, Zamboangueño, Davaoeño and Cotabateño.Much of the words in the Chavacano vocabulary are mostly derived from the Spanish language, while its grammar is mostly based on other Philippine languages primarily, Tagalog and Cebuano. Its vocabulary, especially the Zamboangueño dialect, has some minor influences from the Italian language, Portuguese and several Native American languages. The vocabulary of the Ternateño variety, in particular, has a major influence from the Portuguese language. In contrast with the Luzon-based creoles, the Zamboangueño dialect has the most borrowings from other Philippine languages including Hiligaynon, Subanen/Subanon, Sama-Banguingui, Tausug, Yakan, Tagalog and Ilocano. Portuguese, Italian and some words of Nahuatl, Quechua, Mexican-Indian and Taino origin are present in Zamboangueño.

 2 : Palenquero is (also palenque) is a Spanish-based creole language spoken in Colombia. Palenquero is the only Spanish-based creole in Latin America. The ethnic group which speaks this Creole consists only of 3,000 people, as of 2007. Palenquero is spoken in Colombia, in the village of San Basilio de Palenque which is southeast of Cartagena, and in some neighborhoods of Barranquilla. The village was formed by escaped slaves (Maroons) and sometimes Native Americans. Since many slaves had not been subjected to a lot of contact with people of European descent, the palenqueros spoke Creole languages constructed from the Spanish language and their own African ones. Spanish speakers are usually unable to understand Palenquero. Ten percent of the population under 25 years of age speaks Palenquero, as of 1998. It is more commonly spoken by the elderly. There are some influences from Kongo. Palenquero words like "ngombe," which means cattle, are found in several Bantu languages.

Papiamento Also debated as to whether it is a Spanish Creole or an Iberian Creole (See Portuguese-based Pidgins and Creoles).

Extinct Creoles and Pidgins :

 [1] Souriquois (Basque-Algonquian) was a Basque-based Pidgin and was the tribe now known as the Micmacs. Souriquois was noted on a French map of 1703 (Delisle) to occupy the western part of the peninsula of Nova Scotia and the Micmaques on the eastern part. The term came from the Basque zurikoa (pronounced “surikoa”) meaning “that of the whites.” It may also refer to the Souris River in New Brunswick where the Basques had a trading place, in which case the -koa ending would be a Basque suffix denoting geographic origin and giving the word the meaning “people from Souris.

 [2] Basque-Algonquian was a pidgin spoken by Basque whalers and Montagnais and Inuits of Labrador in the area of the strait of Belle-Isle and the north of the Gulf of the St. Lawrence. The Basques distinguished four aboriginal groups : the “Montaneses” (Montagnais or Innus, the “Souriquois” (Micmacs) the “Canaleses” (Iroquois) and the “Esquimaos” (Inuits) which their appear hostile. Important contacts between the Amerindian people and the Basques created pidgin with a restricted vocabulary and rudimentary grammar, to find means of communication. The people in with the Basques were mainly the Micmac and Innus, also called Montagnais.

 [3] The Basque-Icelandic pidgin was a pidgin spoken in Iceland in the 17th century. It developed due to the contact that Basque traders had with the Icelandic locals, probably in Vestfirðir. The vocabulary was heavily based upon the Labourdin Basque language, but also in an Atlantic pidgin with Romance and English influences. In the Basque-lexifier pidgins of Iceland and Canada of the 17th century, all nouns and adjectives are marked with the suffixed Basque definite article -a, even when this would be ungrammatical in Basque. Notice also that the order of noun and adjective differ in Basque and the pidgin.

German-based Pidgin or Creole

Hindi-based Pidgin or Creole

 - Hiri Motu, (also known as Police Motu or Pidgin Motu) is an official language of Papua New Guinea. It is a simplified version of Motu and although it is strictly neither a pidgin nor a Creole it possesses some features of both language types. Phonological and grammatical differences mean not only that Hiri Motu speakers cannot understand Motu, but also that Motu speakers not exposed to Hiri Motu have similar difficulties, though the languages are lexically very similar, and retain a common Austronesian syntactical basis.

 * Cappadocian Greek language, also known as Asia Minor Greek, is a dialect of the Greek language, formerly spoken in Cappadocia (Central Turkey). After the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in the 1920s, Cappadocian speakers were forced to emigrate to Greece, where they were resettled in various locations, especially in Central and Northern Greece. The Cappadocians rapidly shifted to Standard Modern Greek and their language was thought to be extinct since the 1960s.

 * Erromintxela is the name both for an group of Roma found in the Basque Country and their language. The remaining speakers are today located on the coast of Labourd, the mountains of Soule, Navarre, Gipuzkoa and Biscay. The language is best described as a mixed language, deriving most of its lexicon from Kalderash Romani but using Basque grammar and syntax, in a way similar to the Angloromani language. Ethnically and linguistically, they are distinct from the Caló speaking Roma in Spain and the Kascarot Roma in the Northern Basque Country. In other languages, it is occasionally referred to as Caló Vasco, Romaní Vasco or Errominchela in Spanish, Basque Caló in English, euskado-rromani or euskado-romani in French.

 * German-Russian pidgin is a mixed language or pidgin that appears to have arisen in the early 1990s. It is sometimes known Deutschrussisch in German or Nemrus in Russian. Some speakers of the mixed language refer to it as Quelia. It is spoken by some immigrants to Germany from Russia and other parts of the former Soviet Union.

 * Gurindji Kriol is the main language of the Gurindji people of Kalkaringi and Dagaragu in the Northern Territory, Australia. It is a mixed language, derived from Kriol, an English-based creole, and Gurindji, the traditional Australian Aboriginal language of the Gurindji people, now spoken fluently only by older people.

 * Hantec is a unique slang previously spoken among lower classes in Brno, Czech Republic during the 19th and early 20th centuries. It developed from the mixing of the Czech language as spoken in Moravia with the languages of other residents of Brno, including Germans and Jews. Today hantec exists in its original form only among some elderly people, but many words and expressions have become a part of Czech spoken in Brno.

 * Laiuse Romani was a Romani variety spoken in northern Estonia. It was a mixed language based on Romani and Estonian. Laiuse Romani shares a number of linguistic features with Finnish Romani, such as palatalization of velar consonants before front vowels and initial devoicing. Laiuse Romani became extinct in World War II, when all its speakers were killed under the Nazis' anti-Romani racial policy, now called the Porajmos.

 * Light Warlpiri

 * Media Lengua (Spanish for "half language" or "in-between language") is a language spoken in Salcedo, about 100 km south of Quito, Ecuador, by about 1,000 people of Native American ancestry. It is usually classified as a mixed language as it combines Spanish vocabulary with a Quechua grammatical system, most conspicuously morphology. Most of its lexemes, especially almost all content words, are of Spanish origin, only adapted to Quechua phonology, while its morphology, syntax and some particles are Quechua.

 * Mednyj Aleut (Also called Copper Island Creole) is a nearly extinct mixed language spoken on Bering Island. It is characterized by Aleut nouns and Russian verbs, each with the full inflectional complexity of the source languages. There are only 10 native speakers left. Originally, the language was spoken in Copper Island, from where it takes its name, but all the population of that island was moved to Bering island in 1970.

 * Michif language (also Mitchif, Mechif, Michif-Cree, Métif, Métchif, French Cree) is the language of the Métis people of Canada and the United States, who are the descendants of First Nations women (mainly Cree, Nakota and Ojibwe) and fur trade workers of European ancestry (mainly French Canadians and Scottish Canadians). The Michif language is unusual (and possibly even unique) among mixed languages, in that rather than forming a simplified grammar, it developed by incorporating complex elements of the chief languages from which it was born. French-origin noun phrases retain lexical gender and adjective agreement; Cree-origin verbs retain much of their polysynthetic structure. This suggests that instead of haltingly using words from another's tongue, the people who gradually came to speak Michif were fully fluent in both French and Cree.

 * Qoqmončaq language is a mixed language based on Kazakh, Mongolian, and Solon, spoken by about 200 people in the Xinjiang-Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China.

 * Singdarin is an interlanguage native to Singapore. It is considered to be a Mixed language or a Mandarin-based Creole spoken in Singapore. It has evolved primarily due to a combination of two main languages: Mandarin and English. For this reason, Singdarin is sometimes known as "Anglo-Chinese". There were also words from Malay or other Chinese dialects, which are mixed into Singdarin. Singdarin is the first language of quite a number of younger Singaporeans, especially those whose parents speak a mix of different languages at home such as English, Mandarin, Hokkien etc. Singdarin is also spoken colloquially on streets and among young teenagers in Singapore. In general, well-educated Chinese Singaporean are able to code-switch between Singdarin and Standard Mandarin.

 * Wutun or Wutunhua, Bonan Mongour Mongolian Wutunhua is a mixed language based on Chinese language and Tibetan-Mongolian mixed language spoken by about 2,000 people of a branch of the Tu nationality in the eastern part of the Qinghai province in the west of China.

 * Armenian-Romani, Lomavren is purely Armenian in pronunciation and grammar but there is nothing Armenian in its vocabulary. Thus, because they know Armenian, the Romani of Armenia utilize only the Armenian system. They  * use a complete Romani lexicon.

 * Bantu-Cushitic,  Ma’a, Inner Mbugu is one of the few genuine mixed languages, reputedly combining Bantu grammar with Cushitic vocabulary in Tanzania. In fact the people speak two languages : one mixed and one closely related to the Bantu language Pare. It shows that these two languages share one grammar while their lexicon is parallel. In the distant past the people shifted from a Cushitic to a Bantu language and in the process rebuilt a language of their own that expresses their separate ethnic identity in a Bantu environment.

 * Cakchiquel-Quiché, Kaqchikel-K’iche’ Mixed Language of Guatemala. Came from the K’iche’ area in the colonial period. Older speakers show a base of K’iche’.


 * Traveller Danish is a mixed language based on Danish language and Romani in Denmark.

 * Angloromani  is a mixed language based on English language and Romani in the United Kingdom

 * Michif is a mixed language based on French language and Cree in the United States.

 * Rotwelsch Yeniche is a mixed language based on German language and Yiddish-Roman in Germany.

 * Romano-Greek is a mixed language based on Greek language and Romani in Greece.

 * Caló is a mixed language based on Iberian language and Romani Spain.

 * Shelta is a mixed language based on Irish language and undocumented in Ireland.

 * Malawi is a mixed language based on Makhua language and Nyanja Lomwe in Malawi.

 * Traveller is a mixed language based on Norwegian language and Romani Norwegian in Norway.

 * Callawalla is a mixed language based on Quechua language and Puquina in Bolivia.

 * Mednyj is a mixed language based on Russian language and Aleut in Russian Federation in Asia..

 * Romano-Serbian is a mixed language based on Serbian language and Romani in Serbia.

 * Tagdal is a mixed language based on Songhay language and Berber in Niger.

 * Media Lengua is a mixed language based on Spanish language and Quechua in Ecuador.

 * Tavringer is a mixed language based on Swedish language and Romani in Sweden.

 * Nguluwan is a mixed language based on Yapese language and Ulithi in Micronesia.

 * Camtho is a mixed language based on Zulu language and Bantuin South Africa.

 * E is a mixed language in China.

 * N’ko is a mixed language in Guinea.

Une lingua franca (signifie littéralement la langue franche en italien) est une langue systématiquement employée par des personnes ne partageant pas une langue maternelle commune, en particulier quand c'est une troisième langue parlée par deux personnes n'ayant pas la même langue maternelle.
La lingua franca a une base définie, indépendante de l'histoire linguistique ou de la structure de langue : cependant les pidgins et les créoles fonctionnent souvent comme lingua franca, même si beaucoup de linguas francas ne sont ni des pidgins ni des créoles.
La lingua franca peut également se rapporter à la langue de facto dans des domaines plus ou moins spécialisés.
Le synonyme de lingua franca est « langue véhiculaire ». Considérant qu'une langue vernaculaire est employée comme langue maternelle dans une simple communauté, une langue véhiculaire dépasse les frontières de la communauté d'origine, et est employée comme deuxième langue pour la communication entre les communautés. Par exemple, l'anglais est une langue vernaculaire en Angleterre, mais est employé comme langue véhiculaire (c'est-à-dire, lingua franca) aux Philippines.

A lingua franca (from Italian, literally meaning Frankish language) is a language systematically used to communicate between persons not sharing a mother tongue, in particular when it is a third language, distinct from both persons' mother tongues.
Lingua franca is a functionally defined term, independent of the linguistic history or structure of the language : though Pidgins and Creoles often function as lingua francas, many lingua francas are neither Pidgins nor Creoles.
Lingua franca may also refer to the de facto language within a more or less specialized field.
A synonym for lingua franca is “vehicular language.” Whereas a vernacular language is used as a native language in a single speaker community, a vehicular language goes beyond the boundaries of its original community, and is used as a second language for communication between communities. For example, English is a vernacular in England, but is used as a vehicular language (that is, a lingua franca) in the Philippines.

Une langue créole est une langue stable qui ressemble apparemment à un pidgin qui est devenue langue maternelle. La compréhension sur le fondement du créole a été clairifiée grâce à la notion de Robert A. Hall concernant le cycle pidgin-créole. Tandis qu'il est défendable de penser que les créoles partagent des similitudes grammaticales entre les uns avec les autres plutôt qu'avec les langues dont elle dérivent, aucune théorie pour expliquer les phénomènes de créolisation n'a été universellement acceptée. Le rapport entre les pidgins et les créoles ainsi que leurs similitudes signifie que la distinction n'est pas définie et la variété de phénomènes qui créent des pidgins et des créoles ne sont pas bien compris. De même, les efforts d'articuler les dispositifs grammaticaux qui sont exclusifs aux créoles n'ont pas été réussis jusqu'ici.

A Creole language, or simply a Creole, is a stable language that originates seemingly as a nativized Pidgin. This understanding of Creole genesis culminated in Robert A. Hall's notion of the Pidgin-Creole life cycle. While it is arguable that Creoles share more grammatical similarities with each other than with the languages they phylogenetically derive from, no theory for explaining Creole phenomena has been universally accepted. The relationship between Pidgins and Creoles and their similarities means that the distinction is not clear-cut and the variety of phenomena that arise to create Pidgins and Creoles are not well understood. Likewise, efforts to articulate grammatical features that are exclusive to Creoles have been unsuccessful thus far.

Un pidgin est une langue simplifiée qui se développe entre deux groupes ou plus qui n'ont pas une langue commune. Il est utilisé dans les situations telles que le commerce, ou quand deux groupes linguistiques parlent des langues différentes de la langue du pays dans lequel ils résident (mais là où il n'y a aucune langue commune entre les groupes). Un « pidgin » est, fondamentalement, un moyen simplifié de communication, construit de façon impromptue, ou par convention, entre les groupes de personnes. Un pidgin n'est jamais la langue maternelle d'une communauté, mais il est à la place appris comme deuxième langue. Une « pidgin » peut être établie à partir de mots, de sons, ou de langage du corps. Les pidgins ont habituellement aucun prestige comparés autres langues. Chaque « pidgin » a ses propres règles d'utilisation qui doivent être apprises pour bien le parler.

A Pidgin language is a simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not have a language in common, in situations such as trade, or where both groups speak languages different to the language of the country in which they reside (but there is no common language between the groups). A 'Pidgin' language is, fundamentally, a simplified means of linguistic communication, as is constructed impromptu, or by convention, between groups of people. A 'Pidgin' language is not the native language of any speech community, but is instead learnt as a second language. A 'Pidgin' language may be built from words, sounds, or body language from multiple other languages / cultures. 'Pidgin' languages usually have low prestige with respect to other languages. Each 'Pidgin' language has its own norms of usage which must be learnt to speak the 'Pidgin' language well.

Vocabulary of a pidgin comes mainly from one particular language  (Called the lexifier (A lexifier is the dominant language of a particular pidgin or creole language that provides the basis for the majority of vocabulary.), Unique grammatical rules, There are no native speaker, Typically a language necessitated by trade)
What’s the difference?
A Pidgin is NOT a mother tongue, form of communication between two mutually unintelligible languages
A Creole IS a mother tongue with larger vocabulary, a greater linguistic range, capable of being spoken quicker.